Obstructive sleep apnea is an important public health issue due to associated morbidity and mortality rates, attendant comorbidities (e.g., hypertension and diabetes), and adverse effects on quality of life. Attended in-laboratory polysomnography (PSG) is the current diagnostic standard for OSA. Portable sleep monitors (types II, III, and IV) can also record neurophysiologic and cardiorespiratory signals predictive of OSA, and various patient questionnaires are available for initial patient screening. The most common form of treatment for OSA is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Other interventions include oral devices, surgical treatments, weight loss programs, positional therapy and complementary and alternative medicine. Patient compliance presents significant barriers to successful treatment. This activity covers data from a systematic review of existing research to evaluate the level of evidence currently available regarding the diagnosis and treatment of OSA. It reviews evidence on diagnostic and screening tools for OSA and provides an overview of the comparative benefits and harms of interventions for OSA, as well as factors that influence patient compliance with treatment.